Vocabulary

1. Osmosis: movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
2. High concentration : the area with higher amount of a substance to another area.
3. Low concentration : the area with lower amount of a substance to another area.
4. Concentration: how much substances mix with other substances.
5. Hydrophilic : attracted to water
6. Hypertonic : more salt than water
7. Hypotonic : more water than salt
8. Isotonic : same amount of water and salt
9. Avogadro’s constant : the formula to find out the atomic weight (6.022×10^23)
10. Hypothesis : what you think will happen to the conclusion of the experiment
11. Analysis : what mistakes you made during the experiment
12. Conclusion : what your results say about the experiment
13. Ribosome: The part of the cell that makes things for use in the cell.
14. Cell : Basic structure of all known living organisms.
15. Cell membrane : the phospholipid that is covering the surface of the cell
16. Phospholipid : the kind of lipid that is used to form the cell membrane
17. Golgi complex : the organelle that wraps up things for transport
18. Nucleus : the part of the cell that controls everything
19. Hydrophobic – (Literally: fear of water) repel water
20. Repel : To ward off or keep away
21. ATP : three phosphates with an A
22. ADP : two phosphates with an A
23. GDP : two phosphates with a G(protein kinase)
24. GTP : three phosphates with a G
25. GMP : one phosphate with a G
26. AMP : one phosphate with an A
27. Phosphate : energy used in cells
28. Phosphorylation cascade : phosphate going down a chain of proteins linked together
29. Vesicle : a part of the cell that goes out or sends out information to another cells
30. Glycoproteins : the protein that gives out the sign that distinguishes the cell
31. Macromolecules : proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid, and lipids
32. Protein : most of your body is made of this
33. Carbohydrate : bread, rice etc are the main sources, and they give energy to the body
34. Nucleic acid : monomer of DNA
35. Amino acid : the monomer of protein
36. DNA : nucleic acid linked with phosphodiesther bonds
37. Lipid : fat, wax, oil, glycerol molecule with hydrocarbon tails
38. Virus : Tiny parasite which can infect living organism
39. Bacteria : They are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
40. Atoms : the smallest unit
41. Molecule : electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by covalent chemical bonds.
42. Solute : something that gets dissolved
43. Solvent : something that dissolves
44. Adhesive : ability to stick to another thing
45. Cohesive : ability to stick to itself
46. Solution : the mixture of solvent and solute
47. Solubility: the ability to dissolve
48. Dissolve: the act of dissolving
49. Result : the information that you get after the experiment
50. Purpose (objective) : what you’re trying to find out from the experiment
51. Apparatus : equipment used to conduct an experiment
52. Balance: the state of equal in both side.
53. Polymer : lots of monomers together
54. Monomer : a basic unit to build up and make something
55. Protein kinase : proteins that send second messengers by allowing the formation of GDP and send a phosphate along a chain of proteins called the phosphorylation cascade
56. G protein: family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals originating from outside of a cell into the inside of the cell.
57. Renature : changing shape and activating when in optimum environment
58. Denature : changing shape and deactivating when not in optimum environment
59. Homeostasis : The system that sustain itself. (Life)
60. Endocytosis : the act of something coming into the cell
61. Exocytosis : the act of something going out of the cell
62. Universal solvent : a property of dissolving everything
63. Uncertainties – the amount that we can get wrong in an apparatus
64. Human error : errors in an experiment made by human
65. Catalase : a kind of enzyme
66. Enzyme : proteins that change the rate of chemical reaction
67. Catalyst : the enzyme that specifically react to H2O2 into H2 and O2
68. Atomic weight – the weight of atom based on amount of protons and neutron.
69. Neurons: also called as nerve cells;cell that carries electrical impulses
70. Protons: positive electric charge
71. Electrons: Negative electric charge
72. Versatile : having or capable of many uses
73. Carbon : one of the three most basic atom in life, with four electrons, is the base of almost everything
74. Hydrogen : also one of the three most basic atom in life, with one electron, can fit into anywhere
75. Viscosity : the property of a fluid to resist force.
76. Oxygen : An element with 8 protons.
77. Hydrocarbon : the molecules that have hydrogen and carbon
78. Ion channels : proteins that allow ions to come into the cell
79. Sodium potassium pump : protein that exchanges sodium and potassium
80. Carrier proteins : protein that allows the access of certain protein that the cell wants
81. Pinocytosis – liquid endocytosis
82. Phagocytosis – solid endocytosis
83. Glycosidic linkage – a linkage that holds the saccharides of a carbohydrate together.
84. Peptide bond- a type of bond that holds amino acids together to create proteins
85. RNA : the same with DNA just has one different nitrogenous bases
86. Pentose : monosaccharide with five carbon atoms.
87. Glucose- sugar
88. Saccharide- sugar
89. Heredity : the passing trait to the offspring
90. Carbon dioxide : the molecule of 1 carbon and 2 oxygen, which exhale by animals.
91. Nitrogenous bases: A,C,U,G,T of the dna
92. Kinetic energy : the energy of motion
93. Potential energy : the stored energy
94. Element: pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus
95. Thermal energy – energy emitted as heat
96. Ions: electrically charged atom
97. Charge : just like the charge of a battery, there are two charges, positive and negative
98. Sound energy – energy emitted as sound
99. Sodium: chemical element with the symbol NA in the periodic table and a atomic number of 11.
100. Potassium: chemical element with the symbol K and atomic number of 19.
101. Absolute zero – the theoretical temperature that no vibrate will take place in this temperature.
102. Surface tension : the property of the surface of liquid that allow to resist the external force.
103. Mitochondrial: part of a cell that supply energy.
104. Testosterone: steroid hormone from the androgen group
105. Endoplasmic reticulum: part of a cell that fixes/corrects the problem.
106. Cytoskeleton: part of a cell that allow moving things to find their way.
107. Peroxisome : the organelles which responsible to break down H2O2 into H2 and O2
108. Vacuole: part of cell that stores special things.
109. Chloroplast : the green organelle, which conduct photosynthesis.
110. Respiration : breathing (happens in all living things)
111. Ligand : the molecule that bind to the receptor
112. Receptor: molecule most often found on the surface of a cell, which receives chemical signals originating externally from the cell
113. Secondary messenger : the second messenger that gets produced by the reaction controlled by enzymes
114. Primary messenger : the first messenger that comes to the cell and binds with the receptor protein
115. Signal transduction : the process of getting information over the cell membrane
116. Signal binding site : where the signal gets attached to on the receptor protein
117. Hormones : an example of a signal that goes through signal transduction
118. Signal molecules
119. Dimer – chemical structure formed from two sub-units. the combination of the two Transmembrane Protein receptors in the cells and the process of Protein Kinase
120. Dimerization : the process of becoming a dimer after getting the signal and getting attracted to each other
121. Intermediary proteins
122. HIV : type of virus called a retrovirus, which infects the human immune system
123. Cancer: class of diseases or disorders
124. Blastula- a hollow ball of cells that eventually grows to be an embryo.
125. Gamete- a type of cells that are made for the purpose of reproduction, that joins to create a zygote
126. Spinal chord : the backbone of the body, they sometimes makes fast instant commands, such as when you touch something hot
127. Central nervous system :part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals
128. Brain : the organ that acts as the center of the neuron system
129. Valence electrons – electrons at the outer-most shell
130. Gap junction – the space between nerve cells.
131. Action potential point : the point where neurons are able to feel pain
132. Tongue- the muscle in our body that controls our speech, etc. It can also be known as the equipment used to grip something.
133. Forceps- tweezers
134. Raw data : data that is not modified as average or rounded
135. Procedure- the steps that were involved in successfully carrying out our experiment
136. Substrate : the target molecule of an enzyme.
137. pH : the measurement of acid and base
138. Diffusion: one of several transport phenomena that occur in nature.
139. Alkaline : a kind of base
140. Universal indicator : a chemical that indicates the pH of a substance
141. Individual signal- signaling an individual
142. mass communication- communicating to a mass
143. pepsinogen : denatured form of pepsin
144. pepsin : a kind of enzyme that is used for digestion, activated form of pepsinogen
145. digestion :mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components that are more easily absorbed into a blood stream, for instance
146. cellular respiration : respiration of a cell
147. control : certain things in an experiment that you don’t change
148. living thing – organisms that are alive
149. non-living thing – organisms that aren’t alive
150. toxic : lethal, the substances that can able to kill people
151. eukaryotic : the type of cells that have nucleus.
152. Dilute : the work of reducing concentration.
153. prokaryotic : the type of cells that don’t have nucleus.
154. protist : diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms
155. heat capacity : how much heat it can endure
156. neutral charged : no positive or negative charge
157. insulator : something that conducts heat
158. micro organism (microbe) : small organism
159. conductor : something that conducts electricity
160. chemical : form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties
161. sense : the ability to gather information through sight, smell, hear, etc.
162. communication : communicating, in this case, between cells
163. biology : the study of life
164. transparent : can see through
165. organelle : what is inside a cell
166. meniscus : surface of water
167. transport : move one thing to another place
168. gate : in the ion channel, they open and close the gate to control what comes in and out
169. organic compound : the compound that occur naturally
170. rate – the ratio between two measurements with two different units
171. chemical reaction : the reaction that can’t undo.
172. physical reaction : the reaction that can undo.
173. lubricant : anything that reduces the fraction by softening the surface
174. experiment: methodical trial and error procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis.
175. base : alkaline is a type if this, and it is the opposite of acid (under pH7)
176. information : the thing that use to communicate.
177. transmembrane proteins- proteins that exist through the membrane in the cell
178. optimum : best environment for something (enzymes to activate)
179. multicellular- made up of many cells
180. unicellular- single cell
181. pain: unpleasant feeling often caused by intense or damaging the stimuli
182. reproduction : biological process by which new “offspring” individual organisms are produced from their “parents”
183. sperm : male gamete
184. mole: unit of measurement used in chemistry to express amounts of a chemical substance
185. liquid : the state that has indefinite shape, and definite volume
186. solid : the state that has definite shape and volume
187. gas :the state that has indefinite shape and volume
188. hydro carbon bonds
189. hydrogen bonds – the bond between hydrogen atoms.
190. states of matter : states such as gas, liquid, and solid
191. antibody : cells that fight against infection
192. selectively permeable: cell membrane has some control over what can cross it, so that only certain molecules either enter or leave the cell.
193. Phosphodiester bonds : the bonds that holds nitrogenous base together
194. water: chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O.
195. percentage – the number of the fraction of 100
196. colorless – no color
197. tasteless – no taste
198. odorless – no smell
199. flammable – able to catch fire
200. combustible : .able to explode
201. Covalent Bond : the bond with shared electrons.
202. Ionic bond : the bond of giving electrons.
203. Graduated cylinder : the cylinder for measurement
204. glycerol molecules : oily molecule (lipid)
205. hydrocarbon tails : the structure of the end of a lipid
206. cellulose: main chemical that forms the main structure of plants.
207. elemental molecules : the pure molecules without any other elements bond to it.
208. sonification- using audio to receive or convey information
209. Autophagy: It is the basic catabolic mechanism that involves cell degradation of unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components through the lysosomal machinery
210. Methylation:form of alkylation with, to be specific, a methyl group, rather than a larger carbon chain, replacing a hydrogen atom
211. echolocation: biological sonar used by several kinds of animals.
212. zinc: metallic chemical element
213. hydrogen peroxide : a type of lethal chemical that sucks in carbon dioxide
214. polar molecule- a molecule that has both positive and negative charges
215. High heat of vaporization : properties of hydrogen
216. nerve: group of special nerve cells grouped together in parallel.
217. synchronize : happening at the same time
218. Celsius : the unit of temperature which 0℃ is freezing point of water, and 100℃ is the boiling point of water
219. Kelvin : the unit of temperature which has the same rate of Celsius, but 0°K is Absolute Zero.
220. Fahrenheit : the unit of temperature which 32℉ is freezing point of water, and 212℉ is the boiling point of water
221. Iodine- chemical element with symbol I and atomic number of 53.
222. dialysis tubing: type of semi- or partially permeable membrane tubing made from regenerated cellulose.
223. Benedict’s solution : the chemical that use to detect glucose
224. starch: carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.
225. sugar phosphate backbone : the basis of DNA, where the
226. Thymine: one of the five main nitrogenous bases, represents T
227. Guanine: one of the five main nitrogenous bases, represents G
228. Dissolve: to make a solution of, as by mixing with a liquid
229. Adenine: is a nucleobase with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration
230. Cytosine: one of the 5 main nucleobases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA
231. waste: unwanted or useless materials
232. passive : action done without any energy
233. active : action done with energy (phosphate)
234. evolution: change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
235. collide : to hit a thing against another thing with a forcefully impact.
236. particle: small localized object to which can be ascribed several physical properties such as volume or mass
237. negative charge : a negative charge like on a battery
238. positive charge : a positive charge, such as sodium and potassium
239. water vapor: gas phase of water
240. Vaporization : the process of water changing into gas
241. physical change : change that happens physically
242. polar: have both positive and negative charges
243. receptor proteins : proteins that recept information from outside
244. Adenosine- A between the nitrogenous bases
245. Nucleotide: molecules that, when joined, make up the individual structural units of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA
246. Uracil:one of the five nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C ,U, and T
247. Sucrose: organic compound commonly known as table sugar and sometimes called saccharose. It made by one glucose and one fructose.
248. enzymatic : relating or produced by an enzyme
249. energy release: releasing energy
250. Lock and Key Model: the model of enzyme and substrate, which geometrically fit.
251. Lab report : a docmunet with all the information of an experiment, including objective, analysis, and conclusion
252. structure : shape
253. Liter : the unit of volume which 1,000 cubic cm = 1 liter
254. mL : the unit of volume which 1,000 mL = 1 liter
255. ratio 
256. graph
257. Dimension
258. Beaker
259. Transportation
260. Dropper
261. Ice : the frozen form
262. Expansion of Water : water expands when it is frozen unlike other kinds of liquids
263. Freezing point : the temperature when a certain liquid freezes
264. Boiling point : the temprature when a certain liquid boils
265. Bones
266. Joints
267. Muscle
268. Respiratory system
269. Sound wave
270. Electromagnetic waves
271. Stress 
272. Stomach
273. Reflex : the instant reaction following pain or any external forces
274. Chemical change : change that happens chemicaly
275. Hydrochloric acids : the chemical that breaks down food in the stomach
276. Chains and rings : the shape of molecule
277. DNA : ACTG bound with phosphodiester bond in double strands
278. RNA: ACUG bound with phosphodiester bond
279. Okazaki fragments: fragments of DNA in the process of s-phase at happening on the lagging strand because it DNA polymerase III could only move in a 3’ 5’ direction
280. DNA replication : another name for synthesis phase, which is duplicating DNA
281. RNA translation : the process of making proteins by the binding of mRNA and tRNA
282. RNA transcription : the process of translating DNA language to RNA language
283. Helicase : the enzyme that opens up the double strand of DNA 
284. Bubble: The space that gets produced when the helicase opens up the 2 DNA strands
285. DNA polymerase III: the enzyme that bases pair of DNA, they only stick on RNA and move from 3’ to 5’
286. DNA polymerase I : the enzyme that changes the RNA primer into DNA by changing U to T
287. tRNA : translation RNA which is used as a complimentary pair with mRNA in the small subunit of the rRNA. This RNA is from the food we eat and is all around our body, and has a amino acid attached to it
288. mRNA : messenger RNA which is made from the transcription of the genes.
289. rRNA : another name for the ribosome
290. RNA polymerase: an enzyme that bases pairs of RNA
291. DNA ligase : and enzyme that sticks the Okazaki fragments together.
292. Primase: the enzyme that puts on RNA promoter so that DNA polymerase III could base pairs
293. Primer : the RNA that primase puts on so that DNA polymerase could do its job
294. Chromosome : Chromatins condensed together
295. Chromatid : When two chromosomes condense together and make one chromosome, the 2 that used to be called chromosomes need to be called chromatids
296. Chromatin : DNA lying around the nucleus without any formation
297. S-phase : The stage of a cell cycle that replicates DNA
298. Mitosis : the stage of a cell cycle where they divide the nucleus
299. Meiosis : the different stage of a cell cycle that only happens to sex cells where they divide the nucleus
300. Gametogenesis : the formation of gamete ( sperm and egg)
301. Spermatogenesis : the formation of sperm
302. Oogenesis : the formation of egg
303. Polar bodies : during oogenesis, the oo needs to be bigger than normal cells, so they make polar bodies which is the small part of the cell while it gets unequally divided
304. Sperm : the male sex cell
305. Egg : the female sex cell
306. Gamete : sex cell
307. Haploid : a cell that has an odd pair of chromosomes
308. Diploid : a cell that has an even pair of chromosomes
309. Single binding site protein : the protein that keeps the DNA open while DNA polymerase III is base pairing
310. Leading strand : the strand of DNA which is 3’ to 5’ and does not have an Okazaki fragment
311. Lagging strand : the strand of DNA which is 5’ to 3’ that makes an Okazaki fragment
312. Gene : the DNA that has the information of how to make certain proteins you need
313. Promoter : the part of the DNA that attracts RNA polymerase
314. Operon : Gene + promoter
315. A site : standing for Attachment site of the small subunit where the tRNA and mRNA connects
316. P site : standing for Polymerization/Peptide Bonding site of the small subunit where the tRNA leaves the amino acid attached to it so that it could form a peptide bond with the other amino acids
317. E site : standing for Exit, where the tRNA and mRNA go out of the small subunit
318. Small subunit : the smaller part of the ribosome that has the APE sites
319. Large subunit : the larger part of the ribosome that acts like an enzyme by pushing the bound tRNA and mRNA to each site
320. TATA box : a part of the start anticodon that has TATA in it
321. Codon : mRNA
322. Anticodon : depending on the stage, it could be the DNA genes, or the tRNA
323. Start codon : the part of mRNA that matches with the start anticodon of the gene
324. Start anticodon : the part of the operon after the promoter where the gene needs to start getting transcript to RNA
325. Stop codon : the part of mRNA that matches with the stop anticodon of the gene (the complimentary tRNA of the stop anticodon has no amino acid attached to it)
326. Stop anticodon : the part of the gene that shows the end of the gene
327. Photosynthesis : the process of changing light energy to glucose for plants
328. Chloroplast : the part of the plant that is responsible of photosynthesis
329. Light energy : energy plants get from the sun
330. Sucrose : a type of sugar that is needed for the chloroplast to be alive
331. Light reaction : the first stage of photosynthesis that uses light energy
332. ATP synthase : an enzyme that changes ADP to ATP
333. Electron
334. H+ : H with one less electron
335. Anabolism : the process of building up something
336. Catabolism : the process of breaking down something
337. Metabolism : anabolism + catabolism
338. Water splitting enzyme : the enzyme that splits water into H and O2
339. Endosymbiosis : a small cell coming to live inside a bigger cell, an example is mitochondria and chloroplast
340. NADP : a chemical inside photosystem1
341. NADPH : the form that is charged with one more electron when H+ is added to NADP
342. Surface vs. volume ratio : the ratio between surface area and volume
343. Chlorophyll : the part of the plant that makes the plants green
344. Membrane potential : the amount of energy the membrane could keep inside the cell
345. Thylakoid : the part of a chloroplast that is flat and round
346. Citric acid cycle : name of the way ATP and NADPH is used to make glucose in plants
347. Photosystem1 : has the chemical NADP inside and when the H+ comes in, charges it with one more electron and makes it a NADPH so that it could be used in the citric acid cycle
348. Photosystem2
349. Calvin cycle : another name for the citric acid cycle, named after the person who found it out
350. Dark reactions : another name for the citric acid cycle, named because it could also happen in the dark
351. Rubisco : the type of enzyme in a plant that fixes 3 CO2 from the air
352. Fix : to take something out of the air and use it
353. G3P : the type of glucose mostly used for plants to store energy
354. Somatic cell : all the cells in our body except sex cells
355. Non-somatic cell : sex cell
356. Spindle fiber : the fiber that is connected to the centriole and chromosome to divide chromosomes or chromatids
357. Centriole : the part where the spindle fiber is connected to
358. Prophase : the first stage of meiosis and mitosis where the nucleus envelope disappears and chromatins condense to chromosomes
359. Pro-metaphase : this is when the nucleus envelope disappears, just another way of dividing prophase into two stages
360. Metaphase : the stage of meiosis and mitosis where chromosomes get aligned either in a row or homologous pairs on the metaphase plate
361. Anaphase : the stage where the spindle fibers digested and split the chromosomes in two
362. Telophase : the stage where there are new nucleus envelope around the divided chromosomes
363. Metaphase plate : the place where the chromosomes get aligned at the metaphase stage
364. Homologous pairs : pairs of two in meiosis
365. Crossover : exchanging certain parts of the chromosome in meiosis
366. Law of independent assortment : law of meiosis that needs the DNA to be mixed randomly when divided in both telophase
367. Law of segregation : law of meiosis where after telophase, the divided parts need to be segregated
368. Interphase : all the other parts of the cell cycle before meiosis or mitosis
369. Cell cycle : the cycle of a cell from the growth of a cell until the division of the cell
370. G1 : the stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows
371. G2 : the stage of the cell cycle where the proteins needed for the cell grow
372. Cytokinesis : the stage of the cell cycle where the cell with two nucleus actually divides
373. G1 cancer : the cancer that happens when the cell grows too big, leading to bad surface area to volume ratio
374. G2 cancer : the cancer that happens when there are too many proteins inside the cell, leading to normal sized hard cells
375. Mitosis /meiosis cancer : the cancer that happens when the mitosis or meiosis keeps on happening, leading to many small cells
376. Check point : it tells the cell to stop a certain stage, there is one at g1, another at g2, and lastly at meiosis/mitosis
377. Nucleus pore : where the mRNA travels out of to go to the ribosome
378. Base pair : pairing up the complimentary nucleotides, in the case of DNA A with T and C to G, in RNA A to U and C to G, when RNA is basing pairs with DNA it is A to U, T to A, and C to G
379. 3’ to 5’ : the direction of the formation of phosphodiesther bond and basing pairs
380. Ribozyme : another word for the large subunit of the ribosome as it acts like an enzyme by making the bound mRNA and tRNA move to each sites.
381. Electron transport chain
382. DPIP : a solution that changes color when it goes through electricity
383. Chloroplast segregation :; the process of segregating chloroplast out of the leaves or the bigger cells
384. DNA mutation : DNA getting copied wrong during S-phase
385. Addition : a way DNA could be copied wrong and make a mutation by adding another nucleotide
386. Substitution : a kind of DNA mutation where a nucleotide is changed with another nucleotide
387. Deletion : a kind of DNA mutation where a nucleotide is deleted from the original DNA
388. Polymerization : making a monomer to a polymer by forming bonds
389. Hydrogen bond : the bond between the nucleotides when they are based pairs
390. Phosphodiester bond : the bond between two pentose sugar in a 3’ to 5’ direction when the nucleotides are aligned
391. Peptide bond : bond between amino acid that makes proteins
392. Amino acid : monomer of proteins
393. Electricity : energy that is converted from the light energy of the sun during photosynthesis
394. Synthesize : to make